Jazz MusicPhoto

Jazz is one of the most exciting genres of music ever created. It is a music that emphasizes self-expression without overlooking teamwork, creativity and chance taking, and breaking the rules once the rules have been mastered. Unlike classical music which is written out, or pop music whose goal is often to recreate recordings at concerts, jazz is about spontaneity and improvisation; making up ideas on the spot.

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The Great MigrationPhoto

During the era of slavery, for many African Americans, running away was one of the most powerful expressions of the desire for freedom. Historians have estimated that over 100,000 blacks were able to successfully abscond to a freer North. For others, their dreams of freedom through mobility were tempered by the vigilance of their slave masters as much as by their ties to family. While it is difficult to know how many African Americans actually ran away or even attempted to do so, the constant flurry of runaway notices in southern newspapers and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 suggest the frequency with which African Americans attempted to escape slavery, no matter their success. Whether African Americans fled with the hope of leaving the South for good or of only securing a few days of respite, mobility and migration remained powerful symbols of their desires for freedom. Indeed, the large number of African Americans who abandoned their former lives on plantations and households throughout the South during the Civil War to join Union lines, if not the army itself, demonstrates the willingness of southern blacks to act upon any opportunity to move. Yet in 1861, 91 percent of all African Americans lived in the South, representing nearly 36 percent of the southern population.

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Malcolm X and Black NationalismPhoto

Political activist, religious leader, speechwriter, speaker, and memoirist. Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm X was one of the most influential leaders of his time. His writings, speeches, and thinking continue to exert a powerful influence on black politics today. He was one of eight children born to Baptist minister Earl Little and homemaker Louise Little. Because of his ardent support for black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey, Earl Little received death threats from white supremacist groups. These threats forced the Little family to relocate twice before Malcolm X's fourth birthday. In 1929, the Little home in Lansing, Michigan, burned to the ground. Two years later, the elder Little was found dead on the Lansing trolley tracks under suspicious circumstances. Although the police ruled both incidents as accidents, the Little family believed the white supremacist group the Black Legion was responsible. This was only the beginning of the Little family's tragedies, however. As a result of the many stresses placed upon her by the loss of her husband and being the sole caretaker of a large brood of children, Malcolm X's mother had a mental collapse. She subsequently went into a mental institution. The children were then parceled out to foster homes and orphanages, some of them ending up with white families.

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